Study
01.
Introduction
In the 1950s, a popular Swiss biweekly magazine, Der Schweizerische Beobachter (The Swiss Observer), published a series of articles on prophetic dreams, meaningful coincidences, premonitions and the manifestation of spirits. The magazine’s editor closed the articles with an open request for readers to send in reports of similar experiences for publication. The response was surprising; the magazine received around 1.200 letters, containing approximately 1.500 reports of events that could be classified as parapsychic, more recently also called psi or anomalous experiences. This rich material was made available to eminent Swiss scholar and psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung. He, in turn, entrusted it to Aniela Jaffé, one of his most dedicated collaborators, and requested that she write a book on the subject. Thus it was that the work Apparitions and Precognition, later re-edited under the title An Archetypal Approach to Death, Dreams and Ghosts.
Jaffé (1957/1963, p. 6) states: “I express my special gratitude to the writers. It was their frankness that made the investigation possible. Among them are representatives of all social classes”. She further adds that the most intriguing stories came from common men and women, who did not cloud their reports with critiques or personal interpretations, offering her the clear account of their extraordinary experiences.
On the evaluation of the collection of reports, Jung (1957/ 1976, § 785) adds: “Naturally enough our scientific age wants to know whether such things are “true”, without taking into account what the nature of any such proof would have to be and how it could be furnished. For this purpose the events in question must be looked at squarely and soberly (…) asking the fundamental question: what is the real reason why the same old stories are experienced and repeated over and over again, without losing any of their prestige? On the contrary, they return with their youthful vitality constantly renewed, fresh as on the first day.”
Stories about the manifestation of spirits and perceptions beyond our ordinary senses are more frequently experienced than is commonly assumed (Cardeña, Lynn & Kripnner, 2013). In spite of the silence or the disapproval from certain so-called enlightened individuals and communities, these occurrences have not decreased in intensity over time. For centuries, several scholars, particularly in the medical field, have taken an interest on studies in psi phenomena, and these events have contributed to the establishing of modern dynamic psychiatry and psychology (Ellenberger, 1970). According to Cardeña (2018, p. 663), “The evidence for psi is comparable to that for established phenomena in psychology and other disciplines, although there is no consensual understanding of them.”
The analytical approach, before any factual verification, considers these events as psychic realities, which significantly impact those who experience them. “The reports leave no doubts about this; moreover, in most cases their authenticity is confirmed by independent parallel stories (Jung, 1957/ 1976, § 788). In Jaffé’s book, the reports were grouped together in sets that share similar features, which demonstrates these individuals, having had no contact with each other, came across analogous experiential patterns, which in analytic psychology is called archetypal experiences, collective patterns of an emotional and numinous basis.
For Corbett (2019), many of us have a personal sense of the sacred, even despite our alienation within traditional religions. The psi or transcendent experience may occur within a religious context, but is not restricted to it. The transcendent experience is innate in man; however, an understanding of its impact on life, as well as the workings of its awakening and development, require study.
In order to understand individuals’ spiritual experiences and follow in the footsteps of Jaffé’s work, we seek to collect the reports of significant experiences of people in the United States of America and in Brazil. These would comprise cases in which there is and involvement of elements of extra-sensorial perception (ESP): telepathy (direct mind-to-mind communication), clairvoyance (anomalous knowledge of distant events), precognition (knowledge of the future), psychokinesis (action of the mind upon matter) and mediumship (reports of alleged contact with disincarnated consciences, or spiritual beings), among others - of which the development or conclusion led the subject to reflections or somehow helped their personal growth.
We shall therefore rely upon the community’s collaboration to provide us with this important material. Calls for these reports shall be made over the internet, through the setting up of a website. Participants will be informed that discretion and anonymity shall be preserved, with all disclosing of information following ethical and scientific criteria, and thus authorized through free and enlightened consent on the part of the participants.
Thereupon, we seek to continue the impactful work of Jung and his collaborators in an intriguing and not yet fully understood field of inquiry.
02.
Objectives
The primary objective is to collect information and reports from people in the USA and in Brazil who have experienced and thus can contribute to an understanding of psi experiences, analysed within the interpretative framework of C. G. Jung’s depth psychology.
03.
Methodology
We shall initially put out a call through electronic media (email lists, social media platforms and websites) asking people in Brazil and in the USA to send us reports of their experiences involving a psi factor. The report shall be spontaneous, with only a few guiding questions asked, such as: “Could you describe a significant experience of yours in which elements of extra-sensorial perception (premonition, clairvoyance, telepathy, etc.) were involved, or of contact with supposedly disincarnated entities?”
Upon the collection of this material, a categorization and subsequent analysis will be carried out, based on C. G. Jung’s depth psychology.
A survey of spontaneous cases of psi occurrences has value for scientific research. Although more sophisticated research resources currently exist, case reports can contribute to the systematization of the characteristics of the occurrence of anomalous phenomena and, through comparative parallels between events, establish hypotheses for their emergence and development.
04.
​References
American Psychiatric Association. (2016) Spirituality, Religion and Psychiatry Caucus. Disponível em: <https://spiritualityreligionpsychiatrycaucus.com>. Acesso em: 14 de dez. de 2021.
American Psychological Association. (2021) APA Divisions. Disponível em: <https://www.apa.org/about/division>. Acesso em: 14 de dez. de 2021.
Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria. (2021) Comissões. Disponível em: <https://www.abp.org.br/comissoes>. Acesso em: 14 de dez. de 2021.
Cardeña, E. (2018). The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review. The American Psychologist. 73(5): 663 – 677. Doi: 10.1037/amp0000236.
Cardeña, E.; Lynn, S. J. & Kripnner, S. (2013). Variedades da Experiência Anômala: Análise de Evidências Científicas. São Paulo: Atheneu.
Corbett, L. (2019). A message from Dr. Lionel Corbett. Disponível em: <https://psycheandthesacred.org/mission>. Acesso em: 14 de dez. de 2021.
Costa, M.; Siqueira, J. & Resende P.H.C. de. (2020). Psicoterapia integrada à espiritualidade: aplicações práticas. HU Revista online. 44(4): 481 – 489. Doi: 10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.25827
Crabtree, A. (1993). From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: BasicBooks.
Fonseca, A.F.D; Roberto, G.L. (org.) (2019) As Experiências Anômalas na Perspectiva da Psicologia Complexa de C. G. Jung. Brasília: Self Editora.
Jaffé, A. (1957). Apparitions and precognition: a study from the point of view of C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology. New York: University Books.
Jaffé, A. (1999). An Archetypal Approach to Death, Dreams and Ghosts. Zurich: Daimon Verlag. (Originally published in 1957).
Jung, C. G. (1971). A Natureza da Psique. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes Ltda.
Jung, C. G. (1999). Prefácio. In: Jaffé, A. An Archetypal Approach to Death, Dreams and Ghosts. Zurich: Daimon Verlag. (Originally published in 1957).
Krippner, S. (2007). Lights, sights and Brazilian healing sites. 24th annual meeting on Shamanism and Alternative Modes of Healing, Santa Sabina Center, Dominican University, 1-6.
Minayo, M. C. S. (2017). Amostragem e saturação em pesquisa qualitativa: consensos e controvérsias. Revista Pesquisa Qualitativa, 5 (7): 1 – 12.
Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2021) Special Interest Groups - Spirituality. Disponível em: <https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/members/special-interest-groups/spirituality>. Acesso em: 14 de dez. de 2021.
Sawa, R. J. (2020). Spirituality and Healing: Results of a Ten-Year Study of Spiritual Healers. Ultimate Reality and Meaning. 37(3-4): 142–157. Doi: 10.3138/uram.37.3-4.142
Sommer, A. (2013). Crossing the boundaries of mind and body: Psychical research and the origins of modern psychology. Doctoral Thesis. University College London. London/UK.
World Psychiatry Association. (2014) Religion, Spirituality & Psychiatry. Disponível em: <http://www.religionandpsychiatry.com>. Acesso em: 14 de dez. de 2021.